Honouring South Africa’s Place in the Antarctic Treaty and Our Shared Polar Heritage

Every year on 1 December, the global Antarctic community pauses to celebrate International Antarctica Day—a tribute to the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. For the Antarctic Legacy of South Africa (ALSA), this day holds special significance. It is a moment to reflect on South Africa’s historic and ongoing contributions to the protection, research, and preservation of the frozen continent.

A Treaty That Changed the World: In the aftermath of the International Geophysical Year, representatives from twelve nations met in Washington between 1958 and early 1959 to craft a treaty that would safeguard Antarctica for peaceful and scientific purposes. Their work culminated on 1 December 1959, when the Antarctic Treaty was signed by: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Treaty entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishing these nations as the original Consultative Parties—a group entrusted with stewardship of Antarctica.

Core Principles of the Antarctic Treaty: Over the decades, the Treaty has expanded into the Antarctic Treaty System, a comprehensive framework guiding environmental protection, science, and international collaboration. The Antarctic Treaty is built on 14 articles that ensure:

• Peaceful use only: Antarctica is dedicated to peace; no military bases, manoeuvres, weapons testing, or nuclear activities are allowed.
• Freedom of scientific research: Scientific investigation, cooperation, and exchange of information, personnel, and results are at the heart of Antarctic activity.
• No sovereign claims: Territorial claims are neither recognised nor disputed, and no new claims may be made.

The Madrid Protocol – Protecting a Natural Reserve. – One of the most important developments within this system is the Protocol on Environmental Protection, commonly known as the Madrid Protocol. This landmark agreement declares Antarctica a “natural reserve devoted to peace and science.” All consultative members—South Africa included—commit to responsible environmental management, ensuring minimal impact from human activity.

South Africa’s Role in Antarctica. As the only African nation represented in the Antarctic Treaty System, South Africa’s engagement carries continental importance. From early explorers and overwintering teams to modern scientists and support personnel, South Africans have played a vital role in shaping the human story of Antarctica. Our contributions include:

• Decades of scientific research at SANAE and earlier stations
• A long tradition of logistical support for international science programmes
• The preservation of heritage, photographs, stories, and documents through ALSA
• Continued commitment to environmental protection under the Treaty’s principles

Celebrating Our Shared Legacy. On this International Antarctica Day, ALSA celebrates the vision of the 12 nations who signed the Antarctic Treaty—and South Africa’s proud position among them. The Treaty remains a rare symbol of global cooperation, scientific freedom, and peaceful governance. Antarctica belongs to no one, yet it is cared for by many.

As we look to the future, ALSA remains dedicated to preserving the legacy of South Africa’s Antarctic journey for generations to come.